London - The Bank of England stepped up its warnings about the economic risks if Britain votes to leave the European Union, saying on Thursday that sterling could fall sharply and unemployment would probably rise.
The central bank also cut Britain's growth forecast for this year to 2.0 percent from 2.2 percent in February, reflecting how uncertainty about next month's referendum is already weighing on the economy.
The Bank's rate setters - who voted unanimously to keep interest rates on hold - said households and companies were likely to hold off on spending and investment in the event of a vote for so-called Brexit on June 23.
Governor Mark Carney said the BoE would try to offset the potential hit to the economy but there were limits to what monetary policy could do.
“Monetary policy cannot immediately offset all the effects of a shock,” he told a news conference.
Read also: Calling UK rates ahead of Brexit
British finance minister George Osborne, who has tried to focus voters on what a Brexit would mean for their incomes, said the BoE assessment was a “clear and unequivocal warning” that leaving the EU would be a “lose-lose situation for Britain.”
Sterling rose to a six-day high against the dollar after the rate decision, which poured cold water on talk that at least one policymaker may have voted in favour of a cut. Gilts were little changed after the announcement.
“Sterling is also likely to depreciate further, perhaps sharply. This combination of influences ... could lead to a materially lower path for growth and notably higher path for inflation,” the BoE said in its latest economic forecasts.
British voters have faced a raft of reports from the government and international bodies in recent weeks warning of the dangers of leaving, and the International Monetary Fund is expected to weigh in again on Friday.
Supporters of Brexit argue Britain would benefit from less European regulation, and could strike better overseas trade deals on its own.
Opinion polls show voters believe the economy would fare better if Britain stays in the EU, but remain roughly evenly split on how they plan to cast their ballot.
Earlier this week, Britain's National Institute for Economic and Social Research (NIESR) - whose former director Martin Weale sits on the BoE's rate-setting Monetary Policy Committee said sterling could slide 20 percent if Britain left the EU.
Growth downgrade
The central bank downgraded its forecasts for growth overall due to weaker productivity and higher household saving due to jitters about the general economic situation, rather than global weakness or a lasting effect from the EU referendum.
The BoE's main forecasts worked on the assumption that the country would vote to stay in the EU, and the only concession made to the referendum was to assume that around half the slide in sterling over the past six months was temporary.
The BoE forecast Britain's economy would grow 2.0 percent this year and 2.3 percent in 2017, down from forecasts of 2.2 percent and 2.4 percent in February.
In two years' time, inflation is forecast to reach a fraction over its 2 percent target, essentially unchanged from the forecast in February.
Since then, financial markets have pushed back their assumption on when interest rates will rise to early 2019 from late 2017, in part because they price in a risk of Britain leaving the EU. Most economists still expect the central bank to raise interest rates early next year if Britain stays in.
“The Bank stepped up its warnings about the potentially damaging impact of the UK leaving the EU,” Chris Williamson, chief economist at Markit said, adding that the Bank recognises that their updated projections carry “huge uncertainty”.
“As such, growth would (be) weaker and inflation higher in the event of a UK exit.”
As expected, the Bank of England's Monetary Policy Committee voted 9-0 to keep rates on hold at a record-low 0.5 percent this month, in line with economists' forecasts in a Reuters poll.
Some economists had seen an outside chance that a policymaker could vote to cut rates for the first time since 2009 due to signs of a renewed economic slowdown.
Last year the central bank started to lay the groundwork for a rate rise, but - as on previous occasions - it was forced to put its plans on hold.
REUTERS