By Xoliswa Zulu
The school ground has become the primary place for drug sales as an increasing number of young people across the country become drug users.
In the past five years, there has been a rapid increase in the patterns of alcohol and other drug use in South Africa, and significantly more young patients are being admitted to treatment centres for drug-related problems.
Statistics released by the Hospital Association of South Africa (Hasa) showed that there was a growing number of patients younger than 20 being admitted to treatment centres.
And, alarmingly, it was no longer unusual for children as young as 10 or 11 to be experimenting with drugs.
There was also an increase in the number of young people - some as young as 14 - dying from substance-abuse-related causes, the statistics showed.
In Durban, East London and Gauteng the average age of Mandrax users was 21. Across the country, the mean age for dagga use ranged from 19 to 21.
In the Western Cape, 42 percent of patients younger than 20 chose Tik (crystal meth) as their primary drug of abuse.
In KwaZulu-Natal, patients younger than 20 showed an overwhelming preference for dagga (50 percent), alcohol (25 percent) and then Mandrax (20 percent).
Hasa spokesperson Kurt Worrall-Clare said: "The mean age of patients in treatment centres reveals a younger patient profile for specific drugs, notably cannabis.
"Treatment and demand for dagga and Mandrax-related problems across South Africa is generally higher for people younger than 20 than for older patients."
Worrall-Clare said the increase in alcohol and other drug use was owing to stress, peer pressure, lack of parental guidance or parental ignorance and emotional vulnerability.
But whatever the reasons for the increase in alcohol and other drug use, he said the statistics were a cause for concern.
"Compounding the increase in substance abuse is the sad reality that some segments of society perceive drug-taking to be cool, normal and acceptable.
"In some instances, adolescents are fragile and under extreme pressure, and use drugs to prove that they're worthy members of the group, and others try to buy social acceptance."
Worrall-Clare said that stricter control of children's cash should be implemented.
"With too much cash at their disposal and the freedom to spend at will, some children become easy targets for drug pushers, so much so that the majority of drug sales and experimentation happens in school grounds," he said.
Forty percent of children who are admitted for substance abuse have a dual diagnosis: addiction which is the primary illness and a secondary or underlying psychiatric condition such as clinical depression or bipolar mood disorder.
"In these cases, rehabilitation aimed at weaning the addict off the drug is only one component of the treatment.
"Without psychiatric help to cope with their illnesses, patients will, in time, simply revert to their addiction," said Worrall-Clare.
Claire Savage, Senior Information Officer at the South African Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependency centre, said they had seen a growing trend of younger patients being admitted for rehabilitation.
"In the 2004 and 2005 period, more than 30 percent of our patients were under the age of 20. It is very disturbing and there has been a definite shift in the age when drug use starts.
"The younger people are physiologically and psychologically vulnerable to drug use. The problem is that their bodies are less capable of handling the impact."
She attributed the increase in drug usage to peer pressure and said societal attitudes and behaviours needed to change.
"We need to have an attitude change and respect for the law. We need to respect the law - it's seen as preventing you from having fun, but it's there to protect you."
Police spokesperson Bala Naidoo said although the SAPS had not done formal research on which age groups were abusing drugs and alcohol, from personal experience they had noticed that young people were increasingly turning to drugs.
He said: "What is important is that there have been more drug busts in the city over the past months, and the availability is becoming depleted.
"The dealers as well as the runners are being arrested, and there has been an increase in arrests lately."