London - At least 10 million people are not recognised as nationals by any country. The United Nations launched a campaign on Tuesday to end statelessness within a decade. Here are examples from around the world...
MYANMAR
The Rohingya from western Myanmar have suffered a history of abuse. Unlike the majority population which is Buddhist, they are Muslims of South Asian descent. In 1982 Myanmar passed a law which denied them access to citizenship. Many fled to Bangladesh in 1991 and 1992 following a government crackdown. Tens of thousands more left Myanmar following ethnic violence in 2012. There are an estimated 800 000 to 1.33 million Rohingya in Myanmar and 200 000 to 500 000 in Bangladesh. Some end up sold into slavery on fishing boats and plantations.
KUWAIT
Many people among the nomadic Bedouin tribes failed to acquire citizenship when the country became independent in 1961. Their descendents are known as bedoun, which means “without” (nationality) in Arabic. There are an estimated 93 000 to 140 000 bedoun in Kuwait and many more outside. They are barred from free education, health care and many jobs. In recent years, bedouns have staged protests calling for the right to nationality.
IVORY COAST
During the 20th century, Ivory Coast encouraged millions of immigrants, particularly from Burkina Faso, Mali and Ghana, to work on its coffee and cotton plantations. At least a quarter of the population is estimated to be of foreign descent. The issue of who is or is not Ivorian helped to fuel the country's two civil wars. The UN estimates there are 700 000 stateless people in Ivory Coast. Legal reforms in 2013 allow those with deep roots in the country to apply for nationality.
SYRIA
In 1962 many Kurds in the northeast were stripped of citizenship. Human Rights Watch says the move was part of a plan to “Arabise” the resource-rich region. Before the war there were an estimated 300 000 stateless Kurds in Syria. In reaction to the Syrian uprising in 2011, President Bashar al-Assad promised to give nationality to many stateless Kurds. A 2013 estimate suggested the number of stateless had fallen to 160 000, but this is most likely because so many have fled the war. Experts have also warned that babies born to Syrian refugee women living in Lebanon and Jordan could end up stateless.
NEPAL
Hundreds of thousands of people are believed to be stateless in Nepal although there is no official figure. Part of the problem derives from laws which prevent women passing their nationality to their children. There is also a stateless population of people who were expelled by Bhutan in the 1990s.
THAILAND
More than 500 000 people are stateless. Many are from ethnic hill tribes such as the Yao, Hmong and Karen who live in the mountainous border with Myanmar and Laos and have distinct languages and cultures. The government denies them ID cards or access to state services, leaving them vulnerable to trafficking. The stateless “Sea Gypsies” along the Andaman coast live semi-nomadic lives.
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
Over the past decade the Dominican government has made changes to its citizenship laws mainly affecting people of Haitian descent born in the Dominican Republic. A 2013 court ruling, along with the earlier changes, has left an estimated 210 000 stateless.
IRAQ
The number of stateless has been estimated at 120 000, but the government disputes the figure and it was under review until the current crisis hit. There are several groups of stateless people, including Faili Kurds. In 1980, 220 000 to 300 000 Faili Kurds were stripped of citizenship and many forced across the border into Iran. Under a 2006 law those who were denaturalised can reacquire Iraqi nationality and many have.
ESTONIA/LATVIA/RUSSIA
When the Soviet Union broke up, many ethnic Russians were stranded in the new Baltic states and defined as “non-citizens”. In Estonia and Latvia, ethnic Russians have trouble obtaining citizenship and are often discriminated against. UN figures for 2013 show there are over 90 000 in Estonia and over 280 000 in Latvia. In Russia there are 178 000 stateless people.
EUROPE
The Roma, an ethnic group with origins in India, are concentrated in central and eastern Europe. Tens of thousands have no nationality. The break-up of Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia caused difficulties when successor states claimed they belonged somewhere else. Other Roma in Kosovo and Bosnia have become stateless due to war-time displacement. Roma families often do not register a child's birth and do not hold official property titles, preferring to pass houses to relatives informally, making it difficult to prove where they are from.
MALAYSIA
Tens of thousands of children in the Malaysian state of Sabah in Borneo are stateless. They are the children of Indonesians and Filipinos who have migrated to work, often in palm oil plantations. They have no rights to education or health care and many end up as child labourers. Mass deportations mean some children get stranded without their parents. - Reuters