Washington - Researchers at a New York City hospital several years ago conducted a test of the widely-accepted notion that skipping breakfast can make you fat.
For some nutritionists, this idea is an article of faith. Indeed, it is enshrined in the US Dietary Guidelines, the federal government's advice book, which recommends having breakfast every day because “not eating breakfast has been associated with excess body weight.”
As with many nutrition tips, though, including some offered by the US Dietary Guidelines, the titbit about skipping breakfast is based on scientific speculation, not certainty, and indeed, it may be completely unfounded, as the experiment in New York indicated.
At 8:30 in the morning for four weeks, one group of subjects got oatmeal, another got frosted corn flakes and a third got nothing. And the only group to lose weight was... the group that skipped breakfast. Other trials, too, have similarly contradicted the federal advice, showing that skipping breakfast led to lower weight or no change at all.
“In overweight individuals, skipping breakfast daily for four weeks leads to a reduction in body weight,” the researchers from Columbia University concluded in a paper published last year.
A closer look at the way that government nutritionists adopted the breakfast warning for the Dietary Guidelines shows how loose scientific guesses - possibly right, possibly wrong - can be elevated into hard-and-fast federal nutrition rules that are broadcast throughout the United States.
This year, as the US Dietary Guidelines are being updated, the credibility of its nutritional commandments has been called into question by a series of scientific disputes. Its advisory committee called for dropping the longstanding warning about dietary cholesterol, which had long plagued the egg industry; prominent studies contradicted the government warnings about the dangers of salt; and the government's longstanding condemnation of foods rich in saturated fats seems simplistic, according to critics, given the ever more intricate understanding of the nutrition in fatty foods.
The Dietary Guidelines are important because they shape the contents of school lunches and other federally subsidised programmes, and because amid widespread obesity, so many people look to them for sound eating advice.
The notion that skipping breakfast might cause weight gain entered the Dietary Guidelines in 2010, during one of the reviews conducted every five years by experts to update its findings.
In preparation, a government-convened panel known as the Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee collected research on skipping breakfast. Some of it did, indeed, suggest that breakfast skippers may be more likely to gain weight.
One of the key pieces of evidence, for example, examined the records for 20 000 male health professionals. Researchers followed the group for 10 years and published results in 2007 in the journal Obesity. They showed that after adjusting for age and other factors, the men who ate breakfast were 13 percent less likely to have had a significant weight gain.
“Our study suggests that the consumption of breakfast may modestly lower the risk of weight gain in middle-aged and older men,” the researchers said.
The advisory committee cited this and similar research, known as “observational studies,” in support of the notion that skipping breakfast might cause weight gain. In “observational studies,” subjects are merely observed, not assigned randomly to “treatment” and “control” groups as in a traditional experiment.
Observational studies in nutrition are generally cheaper and easier to conduct. But they can suffer from weaknesses that can lead scientists astray.
One of the primary troubles in observational studies is what scientists refer to as “confounders” - basically, unaccounted factors that can lead researchers to make mistaken assumptions about causes. For example, suppose breakfast skippers have a personality trait that makes them more likely to gain weight than breakfast eaters. If that's the case, it may look as if skipping breakfast causes weight gain even though the cause is the personality trait.
In analysing the results of observational studies, scientists make statistical adjustments to adjust for the potential confounding factors that they can measure - age, alcohol consumption, exercise, employment, and the like. Breakfast skippers in the health professionals study, for example, tended to drink more, smoke more, and exercise less. The scientists adjusted their statistics accordingly. But the adjustments are imprecise, and there is no guarantee that the groups are not different in some other unmeasured way.
Relying on observational studies has drawn fierce criticism from many in the field, particularly statisticians.
S. Stanley Young, former director of bioinformatics at the National Institute of Statistical Sciences has estimated that for observational studies in the medical field, “over 90 percent of the claims fail to replicate” - that is they cannot be replicated later by more exacting experiments.
“Wow. Is this really science?” he said during a talk at the Sigma Xi, the science research society. “Every observational study could be challenged.”
Because of the weaknesses in observational studies, many scientists prefer true experiments, or randomised controlled trials, which they often say provides the “gold standard” in evidence.
The 2010 Dietary Guidelines committee did cite one randomised controlled trial on the question of breakfast. That experiment, conducted on children in Mexico, “found no relationship with breakfast alone” and weight gain, according to a committee summary.
But the committee looked beyond that trial and gave weight to several observational studies.
“Modest evidence suggests that children who do not eat breakfast are at increased risk of overweight and obesity,” the advisory committee said. “The evidence is stronger for adolescents.” As for adults, the evidence was described as “inconsistent.”
It was hardly a ringing endorsement of what might be called the breakfast hypothesis, but it was enough to get the federal agencies who write the guidelines - the US Department of Agriculture and the Department of Health and Human Services - to buy in. The breakfast recommendation and the link to obesity became part of the 2010 Dietary Guidelines, under its advice for losing weight.
Washington Post