White Cliffs of Dover climate warning

Published Nov 27, 2015

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Microscopic marine algae with a shell-like skeleton have increased more than tenfold in the North Atlantic over the past 50 years in response to rising levels of carbon dioxide, scientists have discovered.

The dramatic “bloom” of coccolithophores – whose shells make up the White Cliffs of Dover – since the 1960s is unprecedented and marine biologists said they are both astonished and mystified by such a sharp increase in microscopic phytoplankton.

An analysis of more than 81,000 plankton samples collected over the past half century has found that the percentage of coccolithophores has increased from about 2 percent to more than 20 percent, with a dramatic acceleration occurring after the late 1990s.

Scientists investigated more than 20 possible causes for the increase and concluded that rising concentrations of carbon dioxide dissolved in the seawater, combined with the ocean currents in the Atlantic, were the strongest candidates.

The simplest explanation is that carbon dioxide is “fertilising” the growth of coccolithophores, a hypothesis supported by dozens of laboratory experiments where the marine algae were grown in various concentrations of dissolved carbon dioxide, the researchers said.

However, no other living organism has been shown to have responded so dramatically in the wild to rising levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and the oceans. This has led the researchers to warn that the phenomenon may have wider implications for the marine ecosystem and the global climate.

“Something strange is happening here, and it's happening much more quickly than we thought it should,” said Anand Gnanadesikan, a marine scientist at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, and co-author of the study.

“What worries me is that we see such a sharp response. Most of the climate models I run show relatively gentle responses of phytoplankton to much larger changes in carbon dioxide - of the order of 10 percent over the course of this century,” Dr Gnanadesikan said.”So it makes me wonder what we've missed, and whether other surprises in the works may be less benign.”

The dramatic rise in coccolithophores could be an indication that a big climatic shift is underway given that they are associated in the geological record with the warm periods between ice ages, said William Balch, of the Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Science in Maine, Massachusetts.

“Coccolithophores have been typically more abundant during Earth's warm interglacial and high CO2 period. The results presented here are consistent with this and may portend, like the 'canary in the coal mine', where we are headed climatologically,” Dr Balch said. “We never expected to see the relative abundance of coccolithophores to increase 10 times in the North Atlantic over barely half a century.”

Coccolithophores are single-celled, photosynthetic organisms encased in shells made of disc-like segments composed of calcium carbonate. They lie at the base of the marine food chain and, over many thousands of years, their dead shells formed vast chalk deposits on the seabed which eventually became well-known landmarks, such as the White Cliffs.

Scientists have suggested that chalk-producing marine life, or “calcifers”, could be badly affected by rising ocean acidity, caused by increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide, which forms carbonic acid in seawater.

Coccolithophores appear to be an exception given that they have thrived with rising carbon dioxide and stronger ocean acidification. However, there may come a tipping point later this century when ocean acidity becomes too strong even for coccolithophores to form shells, Dr Gnanadesikan said.

“In contrast to oysters and particularly pteropods - the marine snails that are the poster child for ocean acidification - coccolithophores don't appear to need their shells to survive… Basically these results show that there is at least one major chalk-producing organism that isn't currently declining,” he said.

The study, published in Science, used a database of continuous plankton recordings gathered by commercial shipping since the 1930s and collated by the Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Science (Sahfos) in Plymouth.

Dr Willie Wilson, director of Sahfos, said: “Coccolithophores appear to take advantage of higher CO2 levels, forming more extensive blooms of this charismatic organism that can even be seen from space. This is important because it will have changed the dynamics of the ocean food chain in the North Atlantic Ocean and North Sea and this will have knock-on effects to fisheries in these regions.”

COCCOLITHOPHORES – WHAT ARE THEY?

Coccolithophores are tiny marine alga that float in the sea as plankton. They are unusual in forming calcium carbonate shells which eventually sink to the seabed to form chalky deposits - the most famous of which is the White Cliffs of Dover.

Many of the most beautiful medieval cathedrals, such as Chartres and Salisbury, are made of fossilised limestone formed by the deposits of billions of coccolithophore shells over many hundreds of thousands of years. They derive their name from three Greek words: cocco, meaning sphere; litho meaning stone; and phore, meaning bearer.

The algae are a critical part of the carbon cycle, absorbing carbon from the sea and depositing it in rocks for thousands of years. – Daily Mail

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