NEVER in human history has a ton of coal cost more. Governments and utilities across the globe are willing to pay record sums to keep the lights on.
That’s the bruising reality that global leaders must face at the high-stakes climate talks in Glasgow this month as hopes fade for a deal to end the world’s reliance on the dirtiest fuel.
The burning of coal represents the biggest single obstacle to meeting the Paris Agreement goal of limiting warming to 1.5ºC. UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres calls it a “deadly addiction”, and COP26 president Alok Sharma has urged leaders to “consign coal to history”.
There has been some progress – the global pipeline of new coal-fired power plants has shrunk almost 70 percent since 2015. President Xi Jinping announced last month that China would stop building coal-fired power plants abroad, while Germany wants to end its use of coal by the end of the decade and more than 40 countries have committed to “no new coal”.
Renewable-energy is expanding sharply. But the dramatic rally in prices in recent weeks shows ever more clearly that it's nowhere near enough. Humanity remains deeply dependent on coal.
For one thing, coal continues to dominate the world’s total electricity generation mix by a large margin. There are more new coal plants being built than old ones switching off, and the International Energy Agency projects emissions from the power sector will reach a record next year as coal-power use surges.
To meet the 1.5ºC target, emissions from coal need to drop this decade about twice as quickly as pollution from oil and gas, according to Carbon Brief analysis of global emissions-scenarios. For example, in one of dozens of potential pathways to achieving the target, coal emissions would need to fall by 79 percent from 2019 to 2030.
That’s a gargantuan challenge, made even more daunting given this year’s surging appetite for coal to generate electricity. A global power crunch and shortage of natural gas have driven up coal demand, sending prices soaring to records in nominal terms and squeezing supplies.
And while production has been constrained as the biggest mining companies retreat from coal under pressure from investors, the high prices will probably attract private and smaller players who don’t face the same constraints, meaning there’s more coal available to burn.
Like almost every other aspect of the global economic story, coal demand in the past three decades has been a story about the rise of China. As the world’s manufacturing base moved east, so did the demand for cheap, easy-to-build power needed to fuel everything from steel plants to cities.
Since 1990, US coal demand has halved, largely because power companies have turned to gas instead. European demand has dropped by almost two thirds. Yet the gains have been easily offset by China’s growth. Its consumption was roughly on par with the US when the Cold War ended, but stands at a stunning 87 638 terajoules, more than half the world’s total demand.
It’s not just China. India burns more coal than Europe and the US combined and miners are betting on rising demand over the next decade from countries such as Vietnam, Bangladesh and Indonesia, although pollution concerns and cheaper alternatives threaten to derail the plans.
Nothing highlights coal’s migration from west to east better than where power stations are being retired and built. For decades, plants have been closing across Europe, phased out by a potent combination of climate policy pressure, tumbling renewables costs and a flood of cheap gas.
The UK, the original poster child for the coal-powered Industrial Revolution, went 67-consecutive days without burning any of the fuel last year. Spain alone closed seven of its 15 coal plants last year. In total, half the region'’ coal plants have closed or will close by 2030.
This year, the power crisis in Europe has exposed the vulnerabilities in the system. The UK has been particularly hard hit after calm weather hit wind-power supply, exacerbating the effects of a wider regional gas shortage.
Meanwhile, closures in Europe have been easily offset by new builds across Asia. China, India, Indonesia, Japan and Vietnam plan to add more than 600 coal power units. China is building or planning coal power plants that are the equivalent of six times Germany’s entire coal-burning capacity.
The 2010s have been the decade of renewable energy. Rapid increases in technology, hefty government subsidies and tumbling costs have seen seas of solar panels and forests of wind turbines become commonplace.
Yet despite the huge renewable roll-out, burning coal remains the world’s favourite way to make power, accounting for 35 percent of all electricity. While the renewables share has grown from 20 percent to 29 percent of the global mix in the past decade, coal lost 5 only percentage points in the same period.
Coal is the single biggest source of carbon dioxide emissions and the electricity sector’s biggest source of greenhouse gases. While global CO2 emissions fell by the most on record last year, this was driven by a collapse in demand driven by the pandemic, rather than a step change in fossil fuel use. Global emissions are surging back this year as the economy recovers and power crunches ripple across the world.
BLOOMBERG