Washington - Suddenly, outsourcing is on the way out and insourcing on the way in as the US trudges unevenly toward President Barack Obama's goal of doubling American exports around the world by the start of 2015.
So far, export levels are about halfway to his mark.
Obama set the five-year target in his January 2010 State of the Union address and recently has hastened his drumbeat, telling his export advisory council last month the nation was “well on our way” to his goal.
“The question now becomes: How do we sustain this momentum?”
While economists and industry leaders generally expect the ambitious target to be missed, impressive gains already booked in American manufacturing and exporting suggest such a miss may not be by that much.
Why the optimism toward a manufacturing comeback? Here are five reasons:
-Cheap US natural gas and other increased energy production are helping to power US factories more efficiently, with gas especially providing inexpensive raw materials for US manufacturers of plastics, tires, certain pharmaceutical and other petrochemical products.
-Higher wages in China and other foreign export markets are making outsourcing less profitable to US firms.
-Congressional approval in 2011 of trade agreements with South Korea, Colombia and Panama and other agreements being negotiated now with Asia and Europe are promising to open more foreign markets to US products.
-High US unemployment is relieving pressure on factory owners to increase wages, helping to make US labor costs more globally competitive.
-Major technology advances have steadily boosted factory efficiency and worker productivity.
Yet while many industries are doing more with fewer workers, more than half a million new manufacturing jobs have been added in just the past few years.
Of course, some big bumps lie in the road. Europe is mired in recession, the American economy continues to expand at a snail's pace and the jobless rate sits at a stubbornly high 7.7 percent almost four years after the 2007-09 recession ended.
In fresh signs that the global economy remains shaky - and challenging for US exporters - leaders of central banks in Japan and the European Union signaled Thursday they were taking or preparing to take more aggressive steps to stimulate economic growth in their regions.
The Bank of Japan said it would pump money into the Japanese financial system to help pull the world's third-largest economy out of its prolonged slump. And the head of the European Central Bank, Mario Draghi, said the bank was considering a range of fresh options to stimulate growth.
The outlook was a bit brighter in the US Obama's starting point was 2009 exports of $1.57 trillion. Since then, they've climbed to a record $2.19 trillion in 2012 - about 48 percent toward his goal of some $3.14 trillion a year by the start of 2015.
But 2012 exports, while a record, grew just 5.5 percent from those in 2011, down from a 15.9 percent surge from 2010 to 2011. The rate would have to pick up sharply again this year and next to meet Obama's target.
“Some of the headwinds we faced last year have started to improve,” said Chad Moutay, chief economist for the National Association of Manufacturers. “And I think energy is a game-changer. We definitely have increased the competitiveness of US manufacturing.”
US manufacturers posted a fourth consecutive month of expansion in March. While the rate was a bit below February's gain, the overall trend is still up.
Some critics argue that Obama set the bar artificially low by using recessionary 2009 numbers as his starting point.
Alan Tonelson, an official with the US Business and Industry Council, said Obama also “has the wrong goal” by focusing on exports and not the other part of the trade equation: still-huge import levels and resulting trade deficits.
The US imported $540.4 billion more in goods and services last year than it exported, down only slightly from the $559.9 billion trade deficit in 2011.
“We racked up a pretty impressive export performance over the last few years. But the main reason that we may not reach the Obama doubling-export goal is the world economy is slowing down,” said Tonelson, whose organisation represents nearly 2,000 mainly family-owned US manufacturing companies.
Obama shrugs off such scepticism, suggesting the recent manufacturing gains speak for themselves.
“What's happening here is happening all around the country,” the president said during a recent visit to a flourishing engine-part factory in Ashville, North Carolina. “Just as it's becoming more and more expensive to do business in places like China, America is getting more competitive.”
Federal legislative “Buy America” restrictions on certain recent government contracts - considered protectionist by many economists - are also being credited with helping to spur some recent US manufacturing gains.
The US now makes about 18 percent of the world's goods, down from nearly 40 percent right after World War II. Clearly, many manufacturing jobs will never come back.
“The US had manufacturing trade surpluses until around 1980 (but) has run big deficits since then,” said Martin Baily, a Brookings Institution senior fellow and co-author of a new Brookings study of US manufacturing.
The study showed that high trade deficits, especially with China, and high US business tax rates are combining to keep US manufacturing from rebounding more strongly.
Manufacturing “still remains a very important sector and one that I think we need to foster and that needs to flourish,” Baily said. “So we need to expand manufacturing in order to reduce that trade deficit. We can't just do it on services alone.”
Republicans have long clamoured for lower corporate tax rates to stimulate business growth. At a nominal top rate of 35 percent, the US has the highest corporate tax of the world's industrialised nations.
While few US companies actually pay the full rate due to various deductions and credits, US tax bites dissuade foreign companies from setting up shop here while providing incentives to US multinational companies to keep large sums overseas, Republicans argue.
Obama largely agrees and has proposed lowering the top rate to 25 percent for manufacturers, even lower rates on income from still-undefined “advanced manufacturing” and a rate of 28 percent for all other corporations.
Laura D. Tyson, who was President Bill Clinton's chief national economic adviser and served on Obama's Economic Recovery Advisory Board, said there are big barriers to getting a significant reduction in corporate rates.
Among them: “The country desperately needs more tax revenues” and “there are huge vested interests” to protect existing loopholes, she said.
“At the end, I would like to get rid of the corporate tax,” Tyson said.
“That's probably not going to happen.” - Sapa-AP