How do you disrupt the illicit rhino horn supply chain from Africa to Asia? That’s the question spurring a new investigation into rhino horn trafficking in China and Vietnam undertaken by the Elephant Action League (EAL), a Los Angeles-based conservation NGO.
Rhinos are being decimated by poaching. In South Africa, home to about 80% of the world’s rhinos, more than a 1 000 have been slaughtered annually during the past four years. That’s 8 000% more than were killed a decade ago in 2007.
Last year, rangers in Kruger National Park were called out to stop at least 2 800 incursions by poachers – roughly eight every day.
It has generally been thought that Vietnam is the main market for rhino horn, although little has been known about the traffickers and their links to countries of origin and transit. Until now.
The EAL report confirms that much of the horn winds up in Asia — but that China, not Vietnam, is the black market behemoth.
EAL’s investigation, conducted from August last year to last month, involved off-site research, intelligence analysis and multiple-undercover field missions to key locations in Vietnam and across China, with a focus on provinces along the southern border: Guangxi, Guangdong and Yunnan, as well as Henan, Fujian and the capital, Beijing.
This confirmation that rhino horn is ubiquitous in China underscores how important it is for the country to take steps to shut down the trade, which is illegal, just as it has made strong moves to end trade in elephant ivory.
“As in the case of the elephants, the future of the rhino lies in the hands of China, and its willingness to enforce the law, and in the hands of the international community to apply pressure on China and Vietnam to stop this madness,” says Andrea Crosta, director of EAL and the author of the report.
“Unlike the illegal ivory trade, where to make real money you have to smuggle or sell hundreds of kilos of ivory, in the case of the rhino, with a wholesale price for raw horn of roughly 40 times more per kilogram than raw ivory, you need much less to make good money,” Crosta says.
“So overall the volume of the rhino horn illegal trade in terms of pure quantity is much smaller than for ivory, yet the profits for traders are much higher.”
The 100-page report released last Tuesday reads a bit like a spy novel, with numerous quoted conversations that give insights into the minds of rhino traffickers.
EAL details a web of traffickers, transporters, wholesale dealers and traders that shows – by its very complexity – why stopping the trade is so difficult.
The investigators found that dealers in China typically don’t maintain an inventory but rather supply it on demand to avoid detection. Dealers also use WeChat to connect with buyers and Alipay to process payments.
The names of key suspects and other evidence have been handed over to relevant authorities. “They can’t arrest these people just because it’s in our report, but it’s more than enough to trigger their own investigation,” Crosta says.
Some of the highlights of the report are:
● Although trading rhino horn has been illegal in China since 1993, it’s ubiquitous in the country. “It’s shocking to see how widespread and easy it is to find,” Crosta says. Given China’s increasingly affluent population and the fact fewer than 30 000 rhinos remain worldwide, this represents a serious threat to their survival in the wild.
● China appears to be the largest consumer of illegal rhino horn, and Vietnam is a key enabler. Crosta estimates “several hundred rhino horns go through Vietnam to China every year – which may be up to half the total trade”.
● The black market for rhino horn in China is stable and strong. “It’s not a market that is going down."
● One of the most important routes for smuggled rhino horn is across the mountains from Vietnam into southern China. Often, rhino horn is smuggled from Vietnam to either Guangxi or Yunnan provinces, then moved on to primary retail markets in cities in the provinces of Guangdong, Fujian, Zhejiang, or in Beijing. Traders often hire individuals, including children, to transport the contraband across the border because they can more readily avoid detection.
● Rhino horn traders generally also deal in other illicit wildlife products – most commonly elephant ivory and pangolin scales, but investigators also found large quantities of tiger parts (teeth, skins and bones), as well as bear paws, bile and gall bladders, hawksbill turtle shells, helmeted hornbill beaks, snow leopard skins, civet cats, king cobras, wolf skins and teeth, and corals. “China is still the largest market for illegal wildlife products,” the report says, “and this was evident in nearly all locations investigated by the EAL team. Vietnam is not far behind. most likely only because it is a smaller country.”
● Based on the investigation’s findings, Crosta believes current rhino horn awareness campaigns don’t resonate with the public. “Traders and buyers are concerned about only one thing: law enforcement.” He suggests a campaign focused on law enforcement that says, “If you buy or sell rhino horn, you go to jail” – provided it’s followed up with action.
EAL has handed a 200-page confidential intelligence brief to law enforcement agents in China, Vietnam, Interpol and the US. The brief contains case files on 55 rhino horn traders and traffickers in China.
“This is the most important outcome of this investigation,” Crosta says.
“We’re not talking about a guy selling a bracelet or cup, but high-level traders, people capable of importing and selling many raw horns and products.” – The New York Times
● Laurel Neme is a writer covering wildlife trafficking and a contributor to National Geographic. She is author of Animal Investigators: How the World’s First Wildlife Forensics Lab is Solving Crimes and Saving Endangered Species and Orang-utan Houdini.