London - Wild bees have become as important as domesticated honeybees in pollinating crops around the world thanks to the dramatic decline in the number of healthy honeybee colonies over the past half century, a study has found.
The largest international survey of insect pollinators has also found that just two percent of wild bee species now account for 80 percent of global crop pollination.
The reliance on a small number of wild bee species comes at a time when honeybee colonies around the world have collapsed. In the 1950s, there were about 250 000 viable colonies in the UK, compared to fewer than 100 000 today.
The scientists warned that relying on the services of a small number of wild bee species - which they estimated carry out work equivalent to more than £1 900 per hectare of farmland - threatens the future security of food production.
“Human history is full of examples of food crises caused by an over-reliance on a single crop or a dwindling number of species,” said Professor Simon Potts, director of the Centre for Agri-Environmental Research at Reading University.
“In the insect world, we have already seen how the massive decline in honeybees in Britain has led to a reliance on wild bees to do much of the pollination,” said Professor Potts, a co-author of the study published in Nature Communications. “At one time, honeybees were enough to pollinate most of Britain's crops. Now there are only enough to pollinate around a quarter of them. If we didn't have other species of bees to turn to, we would already be facing a food security catastrophe,” he said.
The researchers warned that pressures on bumblebees and other species of wild pollinators due to habitat loss, climate change and the use of pesticides, could change the balance of pollinating insects and threaten food production.
“The few bee species that currently pollinate our crops are unlikely to be the same types we will need in the future,” Professor Potts said. “It is critical to protect a wide range of bees and other insects now so that, as Britain's climate, environment and crop varieties change, we can call on the pollinating species that are best suited to the task.
“We can't just rely on the current starting line-up of pollinators. We need a large and diverse group of species on the substitutes' bench… if we are to ensure food production remains stable.”
The scientists reviewed 90 previous studies and 1 394 field trials on five continents. They collected data on nearly 74 000 individual bees from 785 different species - representing about 13 percent of the currently known bee species.
They found that about two percent of these wild species accounted for almost 80 percent of all visits to the crops being studied, and that these species were among the most common bees.
The researchers said that relatively simple measures, such as maintaining wild flowers and grass strips at the sides of fields and limiting or delaying the use of pesticides, could boost bee populations.
The Independent