Madiba ushered in new SA with grace

FW de Klerk exchanges a light moment with Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela during an awards ceremony.

FW de Klerk exchanges a light moment with Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela during an awards ceremony.

Published Dec 20, 2013

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Nelson Mandela’s greatest monument is South Africa’s non-racial, constitutional democracy, writes FW de Klerk.

The sorrow and adulation that the world has expressed following the death of Nelson Mandela are a worthy tribute to his greatness.

Last Monday, the British parliament added its voice to the global chorus. It was appropriate because it was the same parliament that set the course for South Africa’s future history when it created the Union of South Africa only 103 years ago.

In so doing it set the stage on which Mandela would play out his extraordinary career.

Modern South Africa was forged in the wars of conquest that the British fought during the 19th century against the three dominant peoples of the sub-continent – Mandela’s people, the Xhosas; Jacob Zuma’s people, the Zulus; and my people, the Afrikaners.

At the beginning of the 20th century, Britain found itself in possession of an assortment of vexatious territories in southern Africa – which one historian quipped it had acquired in “a fit of absent-mindedness”.

Its solution was to create a union or federation along the lines of the recently established federations in Canada and Australia. A National Convention was assembled in 1908 and reached agreement on a draft constitution which was adopted by the British parliament in September 1909 as the South Africa Act.

The act established the political framework for the following 84 years – most notably because it failed to protect the rights of non-white South Africans.

As James Keir Hardie, the Scottish socialist leader, observed, its purpose was “to unify the white races, to disenfranchise the coloured races and not to promote union between the races of South Africa”. On May 31, 1910, nine months after having been conceived in sin, the Union of South Africa was born. Like so many other imperial creations in Africa, its artificial borders encompassed widely disparate peoples with divergent interests. However, the South Africa Act, at the avid insistence of the white national groups, put them firmly in control of the new country by making the white-elected parliament sovereign.

The ebbing tide of European imperialism after World War II left South Africa exposed as the last white-ruled country in Africa.

By 1978 the National Party government under PW Botha had accepted the need for reforms – to “adapt or die” as he put it.

However, it was no longer a question of removing the offensive signs on park benches, or of bringing coloureds and Indians into a tricameral parliament, or of accepting a qualified franchise for blacks – it was all about power (Amandla!).

It was clear that whites were riding a tiger and would have to dismount. However, the dismounting process was fraught with peril. Whites had four concerns:

* First, how would they, and especially Afrikaners, be able to maintain their right to self-determination in a black-majority dispensation?

* Second, what assurance would there be for the reasonable economic, political and cultural rights of minorities under a black majority government?

* Third, how could whites be sure that universal franchise would not lead quickly to the chaos and tyranny that had occurred in so many other parts of Africa?

* Finally, the government was worried about communism. This was not a question of “reds under the bed” – throughout the 1970s and 1980s, virtually all the members of the ANC’s national executive committee were also members of the SACP.

The SACP supported a classic two-phase revolution: during the first phase the national liberation movement (the ANC) would lead the country to freedom; the SACP would then take over as the “vanguard party” and establish a full-blown communist state.

The Soviet Union was prosecuting its global struggle against the West through proxy wars in the Third World and had supported the deployment of 50 000 Cuban troops in Angola.

As late as September 1987, our armed forces in southern Angola had been successfully engaged in some of the largest set-piece battles in Africa since World War II.

The stalwarts of the anti-apartheid movement did not care a fig about any of these concerns. They wanted an ANC victory as soon as possible. But an ANC victory before the mid-1980s could have been achieved only after a racial war and, in all likelihood, would not have resulted in a genuine constitutional democracy – but in the imposition of a communist regime.

Then British prime minister Margaret Thatcher understood this. Although she was a consistent critic of apartheid, Thatcher had no illusions about the challenges we faced. She resisted demands for more sanctions and always gave me – and our negotiating partners – strong support for the achievement of a genuine non-racial constitutional democracy.

It is a pity that Britain’s Conservative Party has subsequently apologised for Thatcher’s opposition to sanctions. The approach adopted by Thatcher and her friend, the former US president Ronald Reagan, helped to buy essential time for South Africa.

During the 1980s, the prospects for a balanced negotiated settlement ripened: the right wing of the NP broke away in 1982; the ANC – at the initiative of Mandela – accepted that there could be no “armed struggle” victory and that there would have to be negotiations involving painful concessions from all sides; the withdrawal of Cuban forces from Angola and the successful implementation of the UN’s independence plan for Namibia showed that negotiations could produce positive outcomes; and finally, the collapse of Soviet communism at the end of 1989 created a new geo-strategic situation.

All these developments helped to convince us that the best option would be a common constitutional dispensation in which whites would inevitably lose exclusive power – but in which the fundamental rights of all South Africans would be protected by a strong constitution.

The stage was set for Mandela to emerge from prison and play his historic role. He did so with extraordinary grace, conviction, goodwill and success. Our non-racial constitutional democracy is his greatest monument.

It belongs to all South Africans – from all parties and communities – who worked for constitutional transformation.

* FW de Klerk was South Africa’s last apartheid-era president, serving from September 1989 to May 1994.

** The views expressed here are not necessarily those of Independent Newspapers

The Star

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