By Maria O’Sullivan
Australian Prime Minister Scott Morrison took many people by surprise this week when he said a Covid-19 vaccine would be “as mandatory as you could possibly make it”.
Although he later backtracked on the word “mandatory”, he made clear the government is aiming for a 95% vaccination rate in the country.
What, then, are the legal limits on compelling people to be vaccinated? There are myriad of questions, such as:
Can workplaces require that workers take the vaccination as a condition of employment?
Can airlines require an immunisation certificate to permit people to travel?
Should people be able to claim a non-medical exemption, such as a conscientious objection to vaccines or on religious grounds?
This is an important debate we need to have about how to balance the rights of the community versus those of the individual in a public health emergency and how the law should be used to ensure the efficacy of a Covid-19 vaccine.
Can the government mandate vaccinations?
The right to bodily integrity is a fundamental legal principle in Australia. This means a person cannot be subject to medical treatment without consent. However, there are exceptions to this under state and territory public health laws.
For instance, sections 116 and 117 of the Victorian Public Health Act permit public health orders to compel people to undergo a medical examination, testing and treatment without consent if it is required to address a public health issue. There may be a legal argument here that a vaccination is not “treatment”.
Can workplaces and businesses require vaccines?
There is a strong case for requiring particular workers (for example, those in aged care facilities) to be subject to mandatory vaccinations. However, many other workplaces in Australia may also require Covid-19 vaccination certificates under Occupational Health and Safety policies.
The legal dynamics here are different from a government-mandated vaccination if it is required as a condition of employment (which is a private law matter). There is precedent for this: some states and territories have adopted a mandatory vaccination policy for staff working in close contact with patients or infectious materials.
Similarly, businesses could require an immunisation card to be presented as a condition of entry. This could include airlines requiring proof of vaccination as evidence of “fitness to fly”.
There are more complex legal questions when it comes to requiring vaccines for students to be admitted to schools or universities.
Would this infringe on people’s human rights?
Challenges could be made to any compulsory Covid-19 vaccination policy under the human rights charters in Victoria, Queensland and the ACT, which aim to protect rights such as freedom of expression, thought, conscience, religion and belief. Here, much will depend on who is requiring the vaccination (a public body or private business) and whether there are punitive measures in place for non-compliance (for example, the use of fines or imprisonment).
The use of compulsory vaccination programs also has specific implications for children’s rights.
The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child provides that every child has the right to “the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health”.
However, children also have the right to an education. Therefore, punitive measures to compel parents to vaccinate their children against Covid-19, such as keeping them out of school, could violate the core principles of this convention.
Can people argue for a vaccine exemption?
There is no recognised right to conscientious objection to vaccinations under Australian law. Therefore, any person who is not willing to be vaccinated cannot merely argue an “objection” to it.
A religious body, however, may be able to argue a federal compulsory vaccination policy interferes with the freedom of religion protection under the Australian constitution, but that is a complex legal question. One religious group did successfully claim an exemption to mandatory childhood immunisations - the Christian Scientists.
How to create good law during a crisis?
Governments clearly have an obligation to protect the public’s health and welfare and vaccinations are an important means of ensuring this. But while punitive legal measures such as fines may be effective in compulsory mask usage, they are not necessarily going to be effective when it comes to something much more invasive like a vaccine.
Serious thought must not be given just to what the law can do to achieve a high Covid-19 vaccination rate, but also what good law is.
That is, we must pursue measures that will be sufficiently accepted by the community.
* O’Sullivan is a senior lecturer in the faculty of law and deputy director of the Castan Centre for Human Rights Law at Monash University.
** The views expressed here are not necessarily those of IOL.