By Bianca Ifeoma Chigbu and Prof Fhulu Nekhwevha
In South Africa, the operations of international motor manufacturing companies must constantly innovate to meet global demands and offer competitive value.
The way work is done is constantly changing. The technologies adopted are ever smarter than before.
The trend, driven by economic forces, does not always lead to social improvements. Automation and the use of robots in manufacturing, combined with new working methods and systems, can have negative social impacts on workers.
There has been an increase in technology in South Africa’s automobile sector since 2003. Most of the work has been automated, which makes manufacturing easier, faster and more productive. More units of cars are produced daily. Companies used to manufacture 20 units of cars hourly. Now they manufactue more than 100 units an hour, using the same number of autoworkers.
Our study of the industry found that automation is well advanced. The sector’s body shop is fully automated. The paint shop is 80% automated. There is about 20% technology utilisation in the car assembly line. And logistics is making a lot more use of machines than before.
The percentages are an indicator of how workers have lost the contest with technology in the industry. Many workers are being deskilled: they no longer fully use their skills to do their job, because robots do most of the work. The remaining workers are being reshuffled to assembly lines likely to be automated with time. This increase in job automation and deskilling can cause some workers to lose their jobs because their skills have been substituted by machines.
We gathered data through interviews with 30 participants, drawn from three automobile companies. They included managers, autoworkers and workers’ representatives.
Our interviews with management revealed that management does not necessarily prefer machines over human workers. But in order for the product to compete, they have to consider production capacity, quality and workplace economics.
Where they intend to introduce machines, it is not to take over the jobs of the workers but because some tasks require it. For example, one cannot expect workers to lift a car while another person is working underneath it. A machine can do that without endangering the workers. Still, management said that if given the chance, they would replace more workers with machines as robots perform more tasks efficiently and boost productivity without the need for negotiation.
Though robots have eased labour, their increasing use stagnates the population of workers on the shop floor, paint floor, body shop and assembly line. The decisions that resulted in the reallocation of many autoworkers from the body shop and paint shop to the assembly line are almost irreversible.
A worker said: "If you have to look at the traditional press line, you would have an average of 20 operators. Now you only need four operators just to pack the parts. So, 16 workers are reduced by introducing five robots. The affected workers are moved to other departments."
Growth in the automobile industry does not create more jobs for human workers. Where automation does create jobs, it is mostly in managing the technology. It doesn’t create work for existing skills.
This creates the threat of a rising unemployment rate, which was at 30.1% in the first quarter of the year. That, in turn, contributes to South Africa’s position among the most unequal countries in the world.
The adoption of technologies can relieve workers from strenuous tasks and boost productivity but will probably also relieve workers of their jobs.
As an initiative to boost productivity and save costs, the global auto industry expects thousands of job losses with an estimation of 234 000 jobs cut by 2030 in Germany, 12 000 by Ford in Europe by the end of the year and 2 000 in India by the end of the year.
We noted in our research that the capacity of the auto workers’ trade union, the National Union of Metalworkers of South Africa, to collectively restructure the auto sector with management and benefit all stakeholders is weakened due to the coercive control of the management and top-down labour arrangement.
Innovation is the driving force of consumers and this is what management responds to. But instead of valuing innovation above all else, industrial policy-makers should seriously examine how far it can boost the human condition before it becomes a problem by contributing to job losses, employment uncertainty, deskilling and inequality.
The solutions would be to retain jobs, increase job opportunities, revamp industrial policy, reduce the rate of task allocation to technologies, and make the automobile sector’s production process more labour intensive than capital intensive.
The state, car companies, unions, workers, consumers and society, in general, all have a role to play in effecting meaningful economic change and employment reform that is sustainable for all.
* Chigbu is a doctoral candidate and Nekhwevha, the acting executive dean at the Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Teaching and Learning. Both are from the University of Fort Hare.
** The views expressed here are not necessarily those of IOL.
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