When Thembekile Molaudzi, the first African exoneree to attend an Innocence Network Conference in the US, joined about 200 wrongfully convicted men and women - including death row survivors - on the stage of the Peabody Hotel in Memphis, Tennessee, he discovered he belonged to a club he’d never have chosen to join.
Not least because the collective pain and suffering of its members was impossible to imagine and, at times, too much for the former Soshanguve taxi driver to bear.
Molaudzi, 39, understood the trauma of wrongful conviction only too well after spending 11 years behind bars trying to convince anyone who’d listen that he hadn’t committed a crime, but a crime had been committed against him.
Finally, he made legal history in 2015 when the Constitutional Court overturned its own judgment for the first time, his life sentence and conviction for the 2002 murder of a Mothutlung policeman, and ordered his immediate release.
“In Memphis, I realised I hadn’t suffered alone,” the former Kgosi Mampuru inmate says. “I was part of a large ‘family’ of men and women who understood what I’d been through. I understood very quickly that my ordeal was nothing in comparison to the innocent people I met there. Some had spent 26 years, 38 years, even 42 years in ‘exile’. There were many cases much, much worse than mine.”
None of the exonerees who journeyed to Memphis from all over the US travelled light. With an astonishing 3501 years behind bars clocked up between them for heinous crimes they did not commit - arson, murder, rape and robbery - these innocents of all ages, stages, colours and creeds carried heavy emotional baggage. The majority also bore an enormous debt of gratitude to Innocence Network lawyers, some of whom had worked for years to secure their release.
United by a common bond of betrayal by a criminal justice system supposed to protect rather than punish the innocent, the numbers of wrongfully convicted congregated in Memphis - a fraction of more than 2200 exonerations recorded by the US National Registry of Exonerations since 1989 - provided proof positive of a problem still unacknowledged, mostly ignored and often denied in South Africa.
“I met wrongfully convicted people in all five prisons where I served my sentence,” Molaudzi says, “and know I’m one of the fortunate few. There are countless people behind bars in South Africa who shouldn’t be there.”
Though anecdotal evidence suggests the problem is much more prevalent than most members of the judiciary and the South African public would like to believe, neither the Department of Justice nor the National Prosecuting Authority maintain records.
However, the volume of letters, phone calls and reports from inmates, their families and correctional officials received by the Wits Justice Project (WJP), the only South African organisation working in this space, suggests Molaudzi may well be right. “To err is human,” he says. “Errors and mistakes do happen.”
Barry Scheck and Peter Neufeld came to a similar conclusion 25 years ago when they established the first Innocence Project (IP) in New York. Aimed at proving the innocence of people on death row using DNA evidence to reverse wrongful convictions, the IP spawned a network of 69 Innocence organisations across the globe which provide pro bono legal services to people, like Molaudzi, who claim they’ve been wrongfully convicted.
The conference, held in a different American city annually and this year attended by about 500 lawyers plus exonerees and their supporters, is also an IP brainchild. Powered by the belief that if DNA can prove people guilty, it can also prove them innocent, organisations have successfully exonerated 356 people - including 20 death row survivors - just on the basis of DNA evidence.
With the death penalty still legal in 31 US states - including Tennessee, where the conference was held - Molaudzi knew only too well that he might have been executed, rather than exonerated, if South Africa hadn’t abolished capital punishment in 1995: “Every time I went to the clinic in Pretoria C-Max, I passed the gallows. Sometimes I was even sent to clean and dust there. I often thought it could have been me.
“That’s why hearing people like Peter Pringle talking about what he went through waiting to be executed made me cry. I don’t think you recover from having a noose hanging over your head. And I saw the pain in that man’s eyes.”
Pringle was one of the last people in Ireland sentenced to death for the murder of two policemen before capital punishment was abolished in 1990. His sentence was commuted to 40 years in jail without parole just two weeks before his execution date.
After he became a “jailhouse lawyer” and successfully pleaded his own case, he was exonerated, having been incarcerated for 15 years.
Prior to meeting and marrying his now-wife Sunny Jacobs, Pringle and Jacobs led curiously parallel lives - both faced the death penalty in different countries for similar crimes they both swore they hadn’t committed. Jacobs was sentenced to death for the murder of two police officers. She spent five years on death row in solitary confinement in a Florida prison before her sentence was commuted to life.
Though the quietly spoken Jacobs escaped execution by a hair’s breadth, her co-accused then-husband Jesse Tafero wasn’t as lucky. Tafero died with his body in flames during a botched execution resulting from a malfunctioning electric chair. After Tafero’s death, their third co-accused, Walter Rhodes, confessed to firing the shots that killed the policemen, confirming Tafero and Jacobs’ long-maintained innocence.
According to the National Registry of Exonerations, the leading causes of wrongful convictions are eyewitness misidentification, perjury or false accusations, false confessions, false or misleading forensic evidence and official misconduct. “Race is also a huge issue,” Molaudzi adds. “The majority of exonerees I met were poor, young black men like me when I was arrested. They couldn’t afford private lawyers and were forced to rely on the state for legal assistance. It’s the same in South Africa.”
The choice of Memphis, the city where civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr was assassinated 50 years ago, as the venue for a conference themed Race and Wrongful Convictions was clearly not coincidental - especially at a time when mass incarceration is increasingly seen as a pressing human rights issue. With 2.4 million Americans behind bars and the highest prison population and incarceration rate in the world, wrongful convictions appear inevitable.
Jimmie Gardner, one exoneree with whom Molaudzi struck up an instant rapport, was a hapless victim of a particularly egregious miscarriage of justice. As a 19-year-old prospective baseball star drafted as a pitcher by the Chicago Cubs, he was charged with robbery, rape and assault and sentenced to 110 years behind bars. Though Gardner’s “victims” denied his involvement in the crime, he was found guilty as a result of an expert State witness who knowingly presented falsified forensic testimony at his trial.
It later transpired that Gardner was just one of more than 140 cases in which this State serologist gave false testimony.
Though the serologist was exposed as a fraud and convicted three years later, Gardner protested his innocence for 27 years before his 2016 exoneration and release. “Jimmie’s lawyer tried to persuade him to admit to a crime he never committed, but he refused,” says Molaudzi. “The prosecutor also tried to persuade him to admit to something he didn’t do to get a lesser sentence, and he refused. People representing the State just want convictions, convictions, convictions There was no evidence linking either of us to the crimes we were supposed to have committed.”
After a David-and-Goliath battle to prove his innocence which he waged even during three years of solitary confinement in Kokstad’s Embong- weni prison, not much fazes Molaudzi. Survival in prison, one of the Memphis exonerees observed, depends on acting like the famous Peabody ducks that waddled across the hotel carpets to the lobby fountain in a twice-daily ritual: “You have to appear calm on top,” he said, “and paddle furiously underneath.”
Amanda Knox, probably the most high-profile exoneree at the conference, has also consistently claimed to have been psychologically tortured into making a false confession - after 53 hours of police interrogation, under extreme duress in a language she didn’t fully understand while studying in Italy on a gap year. Now the best-selling author of Waiting to be Heard, Knox maintains she was threatened with 30 years in jail, hit over the head by her interrogators and falsely told she had HIV. As a result, she not only made a false confession regarding her role in the murder but also falsely accused her boss.
The then-20-year-old American student was twice wrongfully convicted for the 2007 murder and sexual assault of her housemate. Knox was sentenced to 26 years with no physical evidence linking her to the crime and spent nearly four years in an Italian prison before being found innocent in 2011. Back in the US, she spent four more years in a protracted legal battle to again prove her innocence after Italy’s highest court annulled her acquittal and she was found guilty again. The Italian Supreme Court definitively exonerated Knox in 2015 due to “stunning errors in the investigation”.
For Molaudzi, attending a Writing to Heal from Trauma conference workshop which Knox facilitated proved therapeutic and painful. “It brought everything back and caused me even more pain. Sometime I’d listen to other people’s stories and forget that I’d also been in prison, then I’d remember”
At the culmination of the conference, Molaudzi joined a virtual army of innocence warriors calling for urgent criminal justice reform on a march through the streets of Memphis to the Lorraine Motel - now the National Civil Rights Museum - where King was felled by a sniper’s bullet. With the words of the civil rights icon “Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere” on every demonstrator’s back, the placard-carrying group repeatedly shouted their demands for “Justice! Now!”
Standing outside the museum, Molaudzi observed how little attitudes to race, justice and equality appeared to have changed since King’s death: “The travesty of justice that happened to me is not unique. There’s still racism and prejudice in America and in South Africa, and rich man’s justice if you haven’t got money.
“After all those years in prison, I didn’t see much difference or change when released.
“I want South Africa to know that wrongful convictions happen. I want to organise South African exonerees, to help them forget the past, to make peace with what has happened and move forward.”
*Carolyn Raphaely is a senior journalist with the Wits Justice Project (WJP) which investigates miscarriages of justice and human rights abuses related to the criminal justice system. The WJP is based in the University of the Witwatersrand’s journalism department and is partially funded by the Canon Collins Trust.
** Molaudzi attended the Innocence Network Conference in Memphis thanks to the generosity of the UK-based Canon Collins Trust which provided him with a Sylvester Stein travel fellowship.