London - The sudden release from the melting Arctic of vast quantities of methane - a greenhouse gas at least 20 times more potent than carbon dioxide - is an “economic time bomb” that could explode at a cost of $60-trillion to the global economy, a study has concluded.
A scientific assessment of the costs associated with the release of Arctic methane into the atmosphere has found that the financial consequences to the world would almost equal the entire global economic output for a single year.
Scientists and economists said that the release of the methane, trapped for thousands of years beneath the frozen permafrost of the Arctic, is one of the most dangerous “feedback” consequences of the rapid warming of the region, a process which has seen sea ice diminish by more than a third since the 1970s.
Using the same computer models employed by the 2006 Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change, the researchers found that the effects on the global climate of a relatively sudden methane release over a decade or so could be catastrophic in terms of rising sea levels, coastal flooding, extreme weather and drought effects on crops.
“What we have got is an incredibly compelling set of data that put the price tag of just this one feedback effect in present-value terms at $60trn. This is an economic time bomb that at this stage has not been recognised,” said Professor Gail Whiteman of Erasmus University in Rotterdam.
“Global leaders and the World Economic Forum and International Monetary Fund need to pay much more attention to this invisible time- bomb. The mean impacts of just this one effect - $60trn - approaches the $70trn value of the world economy in 2012,” said Professor Whiteman, the lead author of the study published in the journal Nature.
The study used an economic model of the effects of climate change to evaluate the costs of the extra greenhouse gas emissions on sea level, temperature, flood risk, health and extreme weather. The researchers ran the model 10 000 times and came to the average cost of $60trn, mostly borne over this century but also into the next.
Estimates of how much methane could be released from the North Pole were based on joint Russian-American expeditions to the East Siberian Sea where scientists have measured vast plumes of methane bubbling to the sea surface from underground deposits trapped beneath permafrost which extends under the sea because the continental shelf here is relatively shallow.
Russian scientists have calculated that there may be as much as 50 billion tons of methane locked away beneath the permafrost of the East Siberian Sea.
The scientists say methane is about 23 times more potent than carbon dioxide over a 100-year period, and its sudden release could change the global climate significantly faster than current predictions. For instance, a massive pulse of methane could bring forward, by between 15 and 35 years, the date by which average temperature exceed the “safe” limit of 2C above pre-industrial levels. This limit would be reached by 2035 if nothing is done to curb greenhouse gas or 2040 if emissions are lowered, the study found.
“We calculate that the costs of a melting Arctic will be huge, because the region is pivotal to the functioning of Earth systems such as oceans and the climate,” the researchers say.
“Much of the cost will be borne by developing countries, which will face extreme weather, poorer health and lower agricultural production as Arctic warming affects climate. All nations will be affected, not just those in the far north, and all should be concerned about changes occurring in this region,” they say.
The Independent revealed in 2008 that millions of tons of methane are being emitted each summer in the East Siberian Sea where the ice has receded. As the sea ice retreats, the water beneath begins to warm and the seabed permafrost melts, said Professor Peter Wadhams, an Arctic ice specialist at Cambridge University who was part of the study.
“We are looking at a big effect, possibly a catastrophic effect on global climate that has been a consequence of the extremely fast sea-ice retreat we've seen in recent years,” Professor Wadhams said.
“We have an area of the world that used to be covered with sea ice all the year round but which is now, in the summer months, becoming ice free,” he added.
“As long as sea ice was around in the summer the ocean underneath was kept to a temperature of 0C or less ... but as soon as the ice is removed it exposes the ocean to intense radiation and the water warms up.”
PERMAFROST
HOW METHANE ESCAPES
1 Methane is locked away as gas “hydrates” – a form of ice crystal – and undecayed organic matter which is prevented from rising to the surface by a thick layer of permafrost – permanently frozen ground
Methane is locked in deep freeze
2 As the permafrost melts, pores appear that allow the methane to seep into the seabed sediment where it either dissolves in sea water or rises suddenly to the surface
Methane gas escapes into atmosphere
METHANE MELTDOWN
THE CAUSES...
Sea ice
Satellites have recorded a dramatic decline in the extent of the floating sea ice in the Arctic, where the loss has accelerated rapidly in recent years. Submarine measurements suggest that the average thickness of sea ice has fallen by a half. A rapid break up of sea ice in the summer months could occur within the next decade.
Permafrost
The permanently frozen tundra of the Arctic is melting rapidly. During summer months, vast areas of the Siberian permafrost (above) become open pools of bog and water. As permafrost melts, methane is released from deeper layers, especially from the sub-seabed permafrost of the East Siberian Sea.
Greenland ice sheet
The ice sheet covering Greenland is two miles thick in places and it will take many centuries before it disappears. But last year Nasa recorded temporary summer melting over about 97 per cent of the ice sheet's surface; and melting ice is less reflective, leading to more heat absorption and more melting.
...AND THE CONSEQUENCES
Extreme weather
Superstorm Sandy, the recent floods in Germany and the extreme heat-waves in France in 2003 and in Moscow in 2010 are all examples of the sort of weather extremes that are predicted to increase in frequency in a warmer world. The economic and health costs of extreme weather are incalculable. Costs from superstorm Sandy are estimated to be in the range of $25bn, second only to the estimated costs of Hurricane Katrina, the most expensive storm damage in recent history.
Sea levels
The rate of average sea-level rise has increased in recent years, mostly as a result of thermal expansion caused by warmer oceans but also because of melting mountain glaciers and polar ice sheets. About 10 million people a year are currently affected by coastal flooding, and that figure is likely to triple even without further rises in sea level as more people migrate to coastal megacities, such as Dhaka in Bangladesh. Sea-level rise is one the most important economic issues of the modern era given that in Europe alone some 70 million people live near the coastline, where assets are worth between £500bn and £1,000bn.
Desertification
Many areas of the developing world, especially those in sub-Saharan Africa such as the semi-arid Sahel, are already under extreme water stress, making crop cultivation extremely precarious. In a warmer world, scientists expect these dry areas to become drier, making farming impossible and causing the mass migration of people who cannot grow their own food or raise their own livestock. - The Independent