Clad in white home-spun garments and living in a spartan room of his village’s Hindu temple, Anna Hazare is an unlikely thorn in the side of the government hundreds of kilometres away in New Delhi.
And yet for millions of Indians, he is a 21st-century Mahatma Gandhi, inspiring a rare wave of protests against the spiralling corruption that has tarnished the up-and-coming image of India.
Like Gandhi, who led the country’s independence movement through peaceful resistance, Hazare plans to go on a hunger strike – unto death if necessary – to press his cause.
He says his fast from August 16 will continue until the government passes a tough anti-graft law that has already been decades in the making.
He rose to fame for lifting Ralegan Siddhi, a once-obscure village nestled in the hills of the western state of Maharashtra, out of grinding poverty.
The question for many is whether his activism will grow from its humble beginnings across the fast-urbanising nation of 1.2 billion people whose middle class is fed up with constant bribes, poor basic services and unaccountable leaders.
All the signs are that it will. Spontaneous protests have mushroomed in recent months and, unusually, they have been driven by young and old, rich and poor.
Indians of all walks of life are tired of reading news reports of officials with meagre salaries caught with bags full of cash or registered as owners of multimillion-dollar homes.
“When people exhaust their capacity for tolerance, then you should take it that it is a beginning of some kind of revolution,” 73-year-old Hazare said.
Hazare carried out a successful fast in April, striking a chord with millions of Indians and forcing the government to agree to create the country’s first independent ombudsman who could investigate ministers and bureaucrats.
The government is so far resisting the demand to include the prime minister and judges in the ombudsman’s remit.
Then, this month, a yoga guru and thousands of his followers staged a mass hunger strike in New Delhi to demand reforms, including the death penalty for corrupt officials.
Dozens were injured when the government sent police in with batons and teargas to break up their protest.
The shambolic climax of guru Swami Ramdev’s protest was the latest embarrassment for the Congress party-led government of Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, after allegations of kickbacks when Delhi hosted the Commonwealth Games and a cellphone licences scam that may have cost the state up to $39 billion (R270bn) in revenues.
India ranked 87 in Transparency International’s index on corruption in 2010 in which Denmark, New Zealand and Singapore came joint first.
Global consultancy firm KPMG said in a report in March that bribery and corruption were a growing menace that could stunt India’s economic growth – set to reach 8.5 percent in 2011/12 – and its image to the world.
Ralegan Siddhi was once like so many Indian villages: dogged by poverty, illiteracy, water scarcity and illegal liquor dens preying on the poor and vulnerable.
After retiring from the army, Hazare returned home to change all that. Four decades later, the lush village is a model for sustainable development and government, illustrating what civil society can achieve and the failure of the state.
“Gandhi used to say if you have to reform the nation, you have to reform its villages,” Hazare said.
Hazare’s hefty social activism has already been felt well beyond Ralegan Siddhi, transforming other villages, putting corrupt officials behind bars or out of a job and catching the imagination of the masses. In private, politicians are starting to worry that his brand of activism could even spark an Indian version of the Arab Spring.
“The Indian psyche has changed. From silent anger we now have a vocal, social revolution starting and Hazare has had a big influence here,” said Vinita Deshmukh, a leading social activist and journalist.
Singh and Congress party leader Sonia Gandhi have largely remained silent on the discontent. Congress has long won its support from rural India and is only now challenged by a more vocal middle class.
That middle class will swell to 267 million people by 2016, from 160 million today, and will account for almost 40 percent of the population after 15 years, according to a report by the National Council for Applied Economic Research.
“I support civil society speaking up, raising its voice,” Home Minister P Chidambaram said this month. “But I do not support elected representatives yielding their obligations and responsibilities to civil society representatives. Let’s remember that the foundation of this country is parliamentary democracy.”
But RV Krishnan, a businessman and president of the Professional Party of India, which was set up to promote good governance, welcomed the new activism as a necessary step to lift India out of the ranks of Third Word nations.
There are signs of activism like Hazare’s in urban centres. At Lavasa, a multibillion-dollar private hill city being developed between the cities of Pune and Mumbai, activists forced the state to halt building work over allegations that environmental laws had been violated.
Students are also more assertive. “Look outside and you quickly see politicians are corrupt, and not doing their job. I want to improve things and if I can others will follow,” said Vedant Naik, a law student at Pune University. “Awareness is there, now the next step is taking action.” – Reuters