We need to ensure that every effort is made to encourage and promote SMEs in South Africa, writes Evan Jones.
Around the world, in every economy, whether emerging or advanced, small and medium enterprises (SMEs) are widely accepted as a significant driver of gross domestic product (GDP) and the primary job creator.
In South Africa, SMEs account for about 40 percent of GDP and, according to the Finscope (2006) survey, 90 percent of jobs created between 1998 and 2005 were in small, medium and micro enterprises. Brazil’s SMEs are estimated to produce 96 percent of jobs.
Based off this, the South African Institute of Chartered Accountants suggests that according to the National Development Plan (NDP), SMEs are expected to provide a staggering 90 percent of new jobs by 2030. Given South Africa’s divided past and our current population demographics, the importance of stimulating black-owned SMEs must therefore take centre stage.
To quote Shakespeare ( Hamlet, Act III, Scene 1) with some local enhancements (black economic empowerment, or BEE):
To BEE, or not to BEE - that is the question:
Whether tis nobler in the mind to suffer
The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune
Or to take arms against a sea of troubles,
And by opposing end them.
Given the current unemployment rate in South Africa, and the expectation for SMEs to create significant jobs by 2030, it is important to understand the stumbling blocks for SMEs in South Africa. We as a country need to understand the crucial role that SMEs will play in creating employment and driving growth in our economy.
As Shakespeare suggests, we cannot passively sit; we must rather actively engage and thereby ensure that every effort is made to encourage and promote SMEs.
Challenges, suggestions
A number of South African studies, including the NDP, have identified factors which undermine a strong SME growth vector, including:
* Excessive red tape.
* Rigid labour regulations.
* Inability to access finance.
* Skills development and business support.
* Access to markets (procurement).
Contrasting South Africa with other economies that have vibrant SME participation provides us with some potential suggestions as to what participants in the South African economy could do to stimulate the SME sector. An interesting policy study undertaken in 2004 by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) found “SMEs play a key role in transition and developing economies”.
These firms typically account for more than 90 percent of all firms outside the agricultural sector, constituting a major source of employment and generate significant domestic and export earnings. As such SME development emerges as a key instrument in poverty reduction efforts. Furthermore the OECD study made the following key recommendations:
* Embed strategies toward the private sector and SMEs in countries’ broader national development and poverty reduction programmes.
* Strengthen SME capacity to improve their competitiveness in domestic, regional and global markets.
* Promote policy coherence at regional, national and international level.
* Maximise the spillover of management skills and knowledge from multinational enterprises to local SMEs.
How then do we collectively address the stumbling blocks facing South African SMEs? Looking at the list of five shortcomings identified in the South African studies that SMEs face, the following high level perspective is worth noting:
* Excessive red tape and rigid labour regulations are firmly within the regulatory framework. It is important that government takes note of these issues and addresses them. These remain firmly within government policy. Realistically, apart from consistently raising the issue for debate and challenging our elected officials in this regard, private enterprise will have limited ability to change these two issues in the absence of policy change.
However, with regards to the three remaining issues, there is much that the private sector can do.
* The inability for SMEs to access finance, the need for skills development and business support and access to markets are all significant stumbling blocks. And due to South Africa’s skewed economic development under apartheid, it is realistic that policy intervention is necessary to remedy the imbalance. Capitalism, in the absence of this policy intervention, would most likely see the strong becoming stronger and the weak becoming weaker. The drafters of the Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment Act and Codes of Good Practice appear to have taken these factors into account in the following way:
The Amended Codes of Good Practice have made Skills Development a mandatory aspect of the codes, which required a sub-minimum of 40 percent compliance.
Supplier Development, a component of the mandatory element of Enterprise and Supplier Development, has been added to improve the opportunity for black SMEs to secure procurement opportunity from companies (access to markets).
The definition of an empowering supplier includes an element of skills transfer.
Enterprise and Supplier Development encourage the provision of finance by companies to black SMEs.
Notwithstanding a number of shortcomings within the Amended Codes of Good Practice (most notably around the 51 percent black-owned measure which, by almost any global measure of control, should have been 50 percent plus 1), the codes give voice to the reality that SMEs are a vital sector of the market. If we are genuinely to address job creation all stakeholders need to embrace the pivotal role SMEs will play in that regard.
Ultimately, chief executives will play the most important role implementing the BEE codes in their companies. If implemented well, they will bolster the growth of black SMEs in our economy, and in so doing we will start to make inroads into our massive unemployment burden.
To chief executives then the challenge offered is to take arms against a sea of troubles, and by opposing end them. The amended codes are difficult and imperfect, but they include tangible elements which will support the growth of black SMEs - and by extension job creation.
* Evan Jones is the chief executive of Inyosi Empowerment.
* The views expressed here do not necessarily reflect those of Independent Media.
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