Johannesburg - Deprivation, marginalisation and perceived state violence or abuse of power are pushing young Africans into the clutches of violent extremism, a groundbreaking study by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) released in New York on Thursday revealed.
Exploring the factors that shape the dynamics of the recruitment process, prompting some individuals to gravitate towards extremism, where the vast majority of others do not, the study "Journey to Extremism in Africa: Drivers, Incentives and the Tipping Point for Recruitment" also finds that many who joined faced marginalisation and neglect over the course of their lives, starting in childhood.
With few economic prospects or outlets for meaningful civic participation that can bring about change, and little trust in the state to either provide services or respect human rights, the study suggests that such an individual could – upon witnessing or experiencing perceived abuse of power by the state – be tipped over the edge into extremism.
In one of the study’s most striking findings, 71 per cent of recruits interviewed said that it was some form of government action that was the "tipping point" that triggered their final decision to join an extremist group.
The actions cited most often were killing or arrest of a family member or friend.
Against this backdrop, the study urges governments to reassess militarised responses to extremism in the light of respect for the rule of law and human rights commitments. It also highlights the importance of focusing on development in addressing security challenges.
Another key recommendation calls for local-level interventions, such as supporting community-led initiatives building social cohesion, as well as amplifying the voices of local religious leaders who advocate tolerance.
However, it cautions that these initiatives must be spearheaded by trusted local actors. Key findings based on responses to questions including on family circumstances, childhood and education, religious ideologies, economic factors, state and citizenship, the study also finds that:
* Majority of recruits come from borderlands or peripheral areas that have suffered longstanding marginalisation and report having had less parental involvement growing up.
* Most recruits expressed frustration at their economic conditions – with employment the most acute need at the time of joining – as well as a deep sense of grievance towards government: 83 per cent believe that government looks after only the interests of a few, and over three-fourths said they have no trust in politicians or in the state security apparatus.
* Recruitment in Africa occurs mostly at the local, person-to-person level, rather than online, as is the case in other regions – a factor that may alter the forms and patterns of recruitment as connectivity improves.
* Some 80 percent of recruits interviewed joined within a year of introduction to the violent extremist group – and nearly half of these joined within just one month.
* In terms of exiting a violent extremist group, most interviewees who surrendered or sought amnesty did so after losing confidence in the ideology, leadership or actions of their group.
The report is based on a two-year, in-depth study, including interviews with some 495 voluntary recruits who joined Africa’s most prominent extremist groups, including Boko Haram and Al-Shabaab.
UNDP estimates that some 33 300 people in Africa have lost their lives to violent extremist attacks between 2011 and early 2016.
Violence perpetrated by the Boko Haram terrorist group alone has resulted in the deaths of at least 17 000 people and displaced millions in the Lake Chad region.