The entire drama of human history is encoded in our DNA.
Where we went. Who we slept with. How we died - or almost did. It's basically a scientific soap opera, complete with occasional discoveries of long-lost cousins we never knew we had.
Take Ice Age Europe, for example. A new study of genetic material from the period reveals a continent roiling with change.
First, an upstart band of modern humans arrived, slowly pushing their ancient predecessors out of existence. But soon that new lineage was swept aside by a group of big game hunters. For the next 15,000 years, the older community lay in wait in a remote corner of the continent before bursting back onto the scene. The usurpers were overturned, and history barreled forward. And all of this happened against a backdrop of dramatic environmental change - waves of cold and heat that sent glaciers surging back and forth across the continent.
“The demographic history of early European populations was much more dynamic than previously thought,” Cosimo Posth, a PhD student in archaeogenetics at the University of Tübingen in Germany and a co-author of the study, told the New Scientist.
Posth was just one of some six dozen researchers on four continents who teamed up for the survey, which was published this week in Nature. The result of their efforts is the most comprehensive account of Europe's Ice Age population changes yet, and it's told entirely through ancient DNA.
But before researchers could start analyzing that genetic material, they had to get it. DNA degrades over time, so extracting it from ancient human remains is difficult and costly.
Much of that delicate work was done by Qiaomei Fu, the lead author of the paper and a genetics researcher at Harvard and the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing. She had to make sure that each genome was uncontaminated by material picked up from microbes or present-day humans.
Over and over again, she screened the samples, which came from long-buried remains spanning nearly 40,000 years of history.
“It's a great privilege to be able to work on these samples,” David Reich, the head of the Harvard Genetics Lab where Fu did some of her work, said in a news release. “It's like being an art historian given full access to the treasures of the Louvre.”
In the end, they had data from 51 individuals - a tenfold increase over the measly four that once gave researchers their only glimpses into this period.
“Trying to represent this vast period of European history with just four samples is like trying to summarize a movie with four still images,” Reich said. “With 51 samples, everything changes; we can follow the narrative arc; we get a vivid sense of the dynamic changes over time.”
One of the oldest genomes studied came from a thigh bone discovered in Goyet Cave in Belgium and given the unwieldy name GoyetQ116-1. Radiocarbon dating pegs the Goyet individual at some 35,000 years old, making him a likely member of the Aurignacian culture. These stone toolmakers produced the oldest known example of human figurative art - a 40,000-year-old figurine called the “Venus of Hohle Fels” - as well as countless cave paintings.
Goyet guy's DNA is also strikingly similar to many modern Europeans'. Does this mean that his family were the final colonizers of the continent?
Not quite. Around 1,000 years after the Goyet individual was found, a new culture swept through Europe: the Gravettians. Analysis of genetic material from the time shows that art and artifacts weren't the only things changing. The Gravettians' DNA was significantly different from their Aurignacian predecessors, suggesting that they were a completely separate lineage.
Goyet guy's descendants retreated to the Iberian Peninsula (modern day Spain and Portugal) and waited for their time to come again.
It did, some 15,000 years later. Probably spurred by climate changes as glaciers began to recede, this dormant lineage expanded back into the rest of Europe, bearing a new culture known as Magdalenian. Not long after that, their genomes started to look like those of people from the Middle East and the Caucasus, suggesting that new arrivals from the southeast were mingling with - and in some cases supplanting - the existing population.
This was a surprise, because researchers used to think that transition happened much later, when Turkish farmers introduced agriculture to Europe some 8,500 years ago.
“It is amazing how ancient DNA now starts to provide us with a detailed account of the earliest history of present-day Europeans,” Max Planck Institute anthropologist Svante Pääbo, another author of the study, said in a news release.
But like any good soap opera, this one is about disaster as much as it's about success. The genetic analysis allowed researchers to trace the inexorable decline of Neanderthal DNA, which was two to three times more prominent in early human genomes than it is in modern-day ones. This supports theories that early humans interbred with Neanderthals, but that their DNA was toxic to us and gradually weeded out by natural selection over the course of millennia.
For those among us who still carry fractions of Neanderthal DNA, that process is probably still happening, Pääbo said. The drama isn't over yet. – Washington Post