Although South Africa has adequate environmental legislation governing how we deal with our waste, cities and towns across the nation face a crisis. I recently visited the picturesque town of Swellendam and was brought face to face with the consequences of this mismanagement.
At mid-morning on a glorious autumn day the entire town was smothered by a toxic swath of smoke emanating from the town dump. There was a smell of burnt plastic and all sorts of noxious by-products were not only visible but foul-smelling. Reports were rife from locals experiencing respiratory distress.
In order to deal with the "problem" of waste disposal the local municipality had intentionally set fire to its landfill. The entrance to the landfill had a notice stating "No fires". Despite this, workers with a digger-loader were moving around waste in a scene reminiscent of the apocalypse. There was no evidence of protective clothing or breathing apparatus despite the fact that these workers sometimes disappeared from sight in the smoke. Occasional explosions rang out across the dump. White, grey and black smoke flowed across the land, through the township and directly into the town below.
This sort of management practice is clearly not only dangerous but it is blatantly illegal. Under the Constitution citizens are guaranteed an environment that is not damaging to their health. Under the National Environmental Management Bill best-practice methodology is set out. Under the Hazardous Substances Act toxic materials must be properly disposed of.
The Municipal Structures and Municipal Systems acts set out frameworks for waste management. The Occupational Health and Safety Act forbids workers to work under hazardous conditions. What was happening on April 8 in Swellendam, inexcusable as it was, was but one example among dozens of others of just how dysfunctional our waste management really is.
While some industry insiders insist that some aspects of our waste management is world-class, this is a red herring. What is this nation, beset by serious unemployment and health crises, really doing to address the problem of properly managing its waste in an integrated and holistic manner? Very little, it seems.
In 1997 I wrote and circulated an informational document to 3 000 decision-makers in the Western Cape entitled: An examination of waste management in the Western Cape and some proposed solutions to the crisis. More than a decade later little has changed. We face the same issues and challenges and just how we deal with our waste seems to be something that politicians, both national and local, appear uninterested in solving.
That document set out how producer responsibility should be phased in for waste generation by companies. It explained how we should encourage recycling in order to boost employment and halt the destruction of valuable resources by diverting them from landfills and dumps. It illustrated how the principles of reduce, re-use, recycle were just the start of a journey that must be urgently initiated.
Yet a decade later relatively large municipalities continue to burn landfills, poisoning their ratepayers, communities and water sources. Instead of managing the problem, larger problems are created through inaction and lack of management as well as an abysmal grasp of the fundamental principles of integrated waste management.
Clearly the intentions behind the long-stalled national Waste Management Bill are a long way from even entering the ken of most small municipalities. What is rather more shocking is that large municipalities have often been equally lax in implementing meaningful management structures and practices. Instead, business as usual continues, beside a few innovative programmes such as extraction of methane in Durban by the eThekwini municipality and other similar programmes in other centres.
But why on earth have these sorts of projects not been replicated?
There is no reason why any small municipality cannot put a proper waste management programme in place and create both employment and profit from the venture. Sealing and capping landfills to extract gas for power in remote locations is an obvious potential source of local power production. Using biomass, either from pelletised organic material or from garden waste, is another potential source of local energy production.
Any vehicles that deliver goods to rural areas, no matter how small, have to leave again. If they leave empty why do they not have a facility to accept recyclable items from earlier loads? Soft-drink bottles, cans and plastic bottles are all recyclable. There are several initiatives from the plastics industry to recover its waste stream, the benefits increasing as the oil price rises. Manufacturers such as bottlers, packagers and distributors must take responsibility to accept and manage the waste associated with their products.
It is far easier to centralise collection of resource streams than to leave it up to local or regional government organs. Complete producer responsibility for the life cycle of products must be enforced. Even placing small deposits on containers would go a long way to making these things pay.
The infamous plastic bag recycling regulations have failed to recover even one bag, three years after that programme kicked off. Millions of rands sit in government coffers, a large proportion of which has gone to set up offices that have yet to deliver any benefits to either employment or productivity. This is inexcusable.
The reduction of waste at source remains a distant dream. Re-use and recycling of any significant proportion of waste has been blocked in some cities despite interventions by private groups and interests who see the potential to profit from proper management of this important resource stream.
Clearly we can wait no longer. The state needs to move urgently to put proper structures in place so that we can kill two birds with one stone - manage to reduce our waste and increase employment opportunities, using both state organs and enabling the private sector to gain the maximum benefit from the huge potential of this business.
Given the present high costs of oil, coupled to the fact that a large proportion of our waste, such as plastics, is oil-based, there is significant value to be gained from extracting plastics from the waste stream. Glass, paper, cardboard, tin cans, steel, rags - all are also recyclable.
Similarly, a significant proportion of municipal waste consists of organic materials which have multiple uses. Redirecting this waste toward compost and natural fertilisers both reduces the environmental impacts and the direct cost of imported petrochemical-sourced fertilisers.
Instead of conserving scarce and precious resources, we simply contaminate them by mixing them together and relegating them to dumps. This lack of planning can no longer be permitted, let alone condoned.
The choices are stark. We need to make urgent decisions at local, regional and national levels to stop this rot. We clearly need to radically change how we deal with this urgent problem.
- Environmentalist Glenn Ashton is the creator of Ekogaia. This article was distributed by The South African Civil Society Information Service (sacsis.org.za).